Retina · Medical Retina & AMD

Macular oedema

Macular oedema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid at the centre of the retina, in the macula. It thickens the retina and impairs fine vision. It can have several causes, and management depends on the underlying condition.

Close-up of an eye in natural light, macular examination

What is macular oedema?

Macular oedema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid at the centre of the retina, in the macula, the zone responsible for fine vision. This fluid thickens the retina and disrupts its structure, impairing the perception of fine detail.

It is not a disease in itself, but the consequence of another ocular or systemic condition. Management therefore always aims, in parallel, to treat the underlying cause.

Macular oedema is a sign, not an isolated disease: identifying its cause is the first step in management.

Normal macula Thickened retina (oedema)
Schematic illustration inspired by an OCT cross-section: on the right, the retina is thickened by pockets of fluid. OCT allows this thickening to be measured precisely.

Causes

Macular oedema can have several origins. Identifying the cause is essential, as treatment follows from it.

Diabetic macular oedema

Diabetes can weaken the blood vessels of the retina and cause fluid to leak into the macula. See the page on diabetic macular oedema.

After vein occlusion

A retinal vein occlusion can lead to macular oedema by impairing venous drainage.

Inflammatory origin

Certain ocular inflammations (uveitis) may be accompanied by macular oedema. Management combines:

  • identifying and treating the cause;
  • where there is associated inflammation outside the eye, treating that cause as appropriate;
  • treating the oedema: addressing the cause and/or intravitreal injections, as appropriate.

After ocular surgery

Macular oedema can occur following certain procedures, notably cataract surgery. It is usually transient and treatable:

  • there is no treatment of the cause;
  • the oedema is treated with eye drops, tablets or injections, as appropriate.

Symptoms

Signs depend on the severity of the oedema and its cause:

  • blurred central vision;
  • distortion of straight lines;
  • colours appearing less vivid;
  • difficulty reading or perceiving fine detail.

Diagnosis

OCT (optical coherence tomography) is the key examination: it precisely measures the thickness of the macula and the degree of oedema, without contact or discomfort, and guides treatment and monitoring. This is where Dr Gattoussi's expertise in retinal imaging is particularly valuable.

  • OCT: measures and monitors macular thickening;
  • Fundus examination: searches for the cause;
  • Additional investigations (angiography) depending on the context.

Management

Treatment targets both the oedema itself and its cause. Depending on the situation, it may involve intravitreal injections, laser treatment, or eye drops, in addition to management of the underlying condition.

  1. 1

    Diagnosis and OCT

    Measurement of the oedema and identification of the cause.

  2. 2

    Treatment of the cause

    Management of the underlying condition (diabetes, vein occlusion, inflammation, etc.).

  3. 3

    Treatment of the oedema

    Intravitreal injections or other treatment depending on the case.

  4. 4

    OCT monitoring

    Regular reassessment to adjust treatment.

Learn more about intravitreal injections

Frequently asked questions

Is macular oedema reversible?

Prognosis depends on the cause and the promptness of management. This is assessed during consultation using OCT.

Are multiple treatments required?

Depending on the cause, ongoing monitoring and repeated treatments (such as injections) may be necessary.

Is the OCT examination painful?

No. OCT is a non-contact, painless imaging technique.

See also

Book an appointment

Consult Dr Gattoussi

Ophthalmology practice in Paris 11th. Online appointments via Doctolib, at any time. Sector 2 fees.